Ergot Essay example - 982 Words

Ergot Ergot (Claviceps purpurea Tul.) is a poisonous fungus that is hazardous to animals and humans. It appears to be a small, hard, black, elongated structure that grows on and contaminants grains, which is called scelrotium. The appearance tends to look like mold. When eaten in quantity or small amounts over a period of time it can be highly toxic. Furthermore, it is a major problem for humans in North America but even more severe for animals. Humans are susceptible to being contaminated with this poisonous fungus because ergot can grow on mushrooms, rye, wheat, and barley. These are products that humans ingest everyday. Ergot is the most notorious poison because it includes several species of ascomycete fungi with complex life cycles†¦show more content†¦The infection can occur by insects also. According to Fuller and McClintock, ergotism has caused so many occurrences in epidemic and the middle ages was known as St. Anthonys fire. In France many people died from this disease, which was caused mainly from eating bread made from rye grains contaminated with ergot (p. 20). Plant Toxin/Derivative Drug Researchers state over fifty alkaloids are within the ergot sclerotia, but mainly ergonovine (also known as ergometrine, ergobasine, ergotocine, ergotstetrine C19H23N3O2, ergotamine C33H35N5O5,ergotcryptine C32H41N5O5, ergocornine C31H39N5O5, ergocristine C35H39N5O5, ergosine C30H37N5O5, and ergovalide) is present in ergot. Most of the alkaloids contain thirty to thirty-five carbon atoms, although some have a smaller number. Therefore, these alkaloids can be classified as polypeptides. All ergot alkaloids form lysergic acid. Lysergic acid diethylamide, LSD, is the most powerful compound known that produces imitations of severe mental disorders. Ergot alkaloids not only have the indole structure but the other ring system and side chains as well. Symptoms Humans and animals common acute symptoms is a convulsion stimulation of CNS (central nervous system). Chronic symptoms include damage to the lining of capillaries and constriction of the smaller arterial blood vessels resulting in gangrene of the extremities (Fuller and McClintock,19). SomeShow MoreRelated Plants and Superstitions Essay1739 Words   |  7 PagesDeath. (Starkey, 1949). There have been several explanations suggested for this epidemic, but the possible explanation in my reading is compulsive ergotism. Ergot is a poisonous microscopic fungus. It grows on crops, especially rye which is used to make bread, and could cause fits and hallucinations. (see Internet Source). ... Ergot alkaloids are arguably the oldest microbial bio-pharmaceutins. They may have played a role in both the Mysteries of Eleusis and the Salem witch trials (BennettRead MoreEssay on LSD1087 Words   |  5 Pages25, now known as L.S.D., in a professional laboratory. In Lees book Acid Dreams, he tells of how Hoffman stumbled upon LSD while investigating chemical and pharmacological properties of ergot. Ergot is a rye fungus rich in medicinal alkaloids (7). While Hoffman was searching for a circulatory stimulant from ergot derivatives he stumbled upon LSD during his twenty-fifth experiment. Thus, the notion of lysergic acid diethylamide-25. Since its arrival in the drug market, LSD and other hallucinogensRead MoreSummary of Napoleons Buttons Chapter 12: Molecules of Witchcraft1836 Words   |  8 Pageshappens in the last stage. This temporarily escape from reality from these molecules brought confessions from those women and they were burnt at the stake. The Ergot Alkaloids There is another group of alkaloids that devasted communities with its effects. People attributed the disasters with evil spells casted by witches. Theyre found in the ergot fungus that affects cereal grains such as rye. After bacteria and viruses, ergotism is the next-largest microbial killer, like how ergotamine causes bloodRead MoreTaking a Look Inside Hallucinogens Essay950 Words   |  4 Pagesof 23. He began work as a natural products chemist in Basel. He worked on ergot alkaloids, substances produced by the ergot fungus that infects grain. These substances occur naturally, making studying them less expensive. Ergot extracts had been used for hundreds of years by midwifes to stop excessive bleeding after childbirth. They are very potent in extremely small doses, and Hofman realized that he could build upon ergot alkaloids to create new types of drugs. Under certain chemical conditionsRead MoreThe Use Of Lsd And Its Effects On The Brain2369 Words   |  10 Pagesavailability o f LSD become scarce with the criminalization of the substance, but the legislation also put a halt on the research of the chemical as well. Much of the way LSD interacts with the brain has been left unknown. This derivative from the rye fungus Ergot has been the source of controversy that has left many people wondering why LSD has been classified as a drug that is just as dangerous to use as heroin. It becomes difficult for an individual to understand how legislation could criminalize a chemicalRead MoreClassical Psychedelics And Dissociative Drugs931 Words   |  4 Pagesthat much of a challenge, considering the location in where to look and what to offer to the table when dealing with the anonymous street pharmacists. The origin or specifically, production, of Lysergic acid diethylamide can be narrowed down to the Ergot Fungus (Claviceps purpurea), a parasite commonly located on rye and other species of grain or wild grasses (Schumann 2016).Read MoreSalem Witches and Ergot of Rye Essay1055 Words   |  5 PagesSalem Witches and Ergot of Rye While researching texts written about the Salem Witch Trials, I found a few authors who published articles and books about the Salem Witch Trials. These authors often showed that the most likely cause of the fits coming from the victims was produced by ergot of rye. However, I could not find much discussion about another important source of the fits’ cause: witchcraft. My goal in this paper is to produce a convincing argument that the victims during the Salem WitchRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trial1152 Words   |  5 Pagesthat adds up to causing convulsive hysteria and also hallucinations which were caused by Ergot Poisoning. So, here is where the role of Convulsive Hysteria and Ergotism comes in play. The ergot poisoning in Salem villagers’ every day meal of bread made with ‘rye’ leads to severe physical disorders, hallucination of witches and devils, and other serious symptoms. The symptoms of convulsive Hysteria and ergot poisoning are very much similar to the symptoms of bewitchment that the afflicted girls inRead MoreThe Witches Of Salem Witch Trials1371 Words   |  6 Pagesand hanged. Notably, ergot poisoning was a highly considered theory for the Salem trials. Farming conditions in the western part of Salem Village, Putnam farmland, were warm, damp, and swampy, the perfect environment for fungus to grow. The poison from ergot would grow in rye and cereal grains. Thus, leading the afflicted to experience symptoms, including hallucinations, convulsions, confusion, delusions, and the feeling of being bitten or pinched. Researchers identify that â€Å"Ergot poisoning affectsRead MoreThe Causes Of The Salem Witch Trials1382 Words   |  6 Pagesvery cold and it is possible that the girls acted out due to the conditions. However, of the many theories, I believe that the Ergot theory is the most believable because it is a poison that causes hallucinations, it grows on crops, and there was a very wet period before the trials, which could have sparked the abrupt illness. Hallucinations are a big side effect to the ergot epidemic and can be seen in the Salem Witch Trials. Hallucinations means, â€Å"a sensory experience of something that does not exist

Why Some Countries Richer Than Others Essay - 1579 Words

Using economic theory explain why some countries are richer than others. Abstract This paper tries to analyze why some countries are richer than others. Economic theory is used to identify the different factors affecting countries to be richer or poorer. Introduction One of the fundamental questions regarding the world during all the time is why some counties are richer than others. How is it possible that there are some countries in 21st century, where families cannot feed their children, where education, medical care and simple things which are necessary for everyday life does not exist. And why does still more than half of the world population live worse than people who lived in the UK in 1900. (Krugman,Wells, Graddy, p. 611).†¦show more content†¦The other way how government can effect on saving and investment policy is by generating inflation Human capital: â€Å"Human capital is the improvement in labour created by the education and knowledge embodiment in the workforce.† It is not enough if people have new machines, they also need to know how to use them. They have to learn it. Education If government spends money for education and training, people will be more useful and more productive. Governments in Europe pay for the very good bulk of primary, secondary and higher education. They spent billions of dollars for the education. â€Å"The quality of education a country provides for its citizens has a large impact on its economic growth.† Years ago, most of the British people could read and write, but very few students, only 9 per cent were studying over 14 years and 2 per cent over 16 years. Nowadays over 15 per cent undergo higher education and at least 86% received secondary school. (Krugman, Wells, Graddy ). Another example is Luxemburg. In primary school everybody are learning French, later on in secondary school everybody are learning German and higher education they are learning English. It is not enough to be rich, but people should be clever as well. But unfortunately education is a very common weakness in poor countries. Such as in Congo, which is on e of the poorest countries in the world, 65 perShow MoreRelatedWhy Are Some Countries Richer Than Others? Essay1488 Words   |  6 PagesWhy are Some Countries Richer than Others? Poverty is still the biggest problem the world faces from day to day. Every country suffers from it to some degree, however certain places are greater effected than others. This is because the level of economic growth differs from country to country. The greater amount of growth the less room there is for poverty. This is simple reason why some countries are richer than others. If countries fail to move forward than it can present many problems. MainlyRead MoreRicher Nations Helping Poorer Ones1639 Words   |  7 Pagesn the age of globalization, the rich and poor divide has grown into a chasm. Richer and more developed countries enjoy access to technology and a higher standard of living, whereas the poorer and less developed countries are struggling with poverty, malnutrition and lack of basic amenities. This is where one might question whether the richer nations should help the poorer ones. The rich has many reasons why they should help the poorer nations, it portrays them in a good light, it will benefitRead MoreThe Poor Are Getting Poorer1218 Words   |  5 PagesThe Poor Are Getting Poorer (In Analysts: Why the Poor Are Poorer) â€Å"Thus have the inhibitions been removed. The salaries and benefits of America’s top executives, and many of their advisers and consultants, have soared to what years before would have been unimaginable heights, even as those of other Americans have declined.† (Page 267). America is increasing in certain things, but decreasing in other things. Citizens are able to achieve more and more as technology increases and people strive forRead MoreEssay on Why the Rich Get Richer, While the Poor Get Poorer1572 Words   |  7 Pagesrift between the extremely rich and the extremely poor is expanding, with those in the middle being stretched to one extreme or the other. There seems to be no reconciliations for this ever-growing disparity, as the corporations that used to comprise solely our economy lose national borders. Robert B. Reich discussed this issue in his work, Why the Rich Are Getting Richer and the Poor, Poorer. There are many reasons that go into play and many fac tors that sway each reason, but the major factors thatRead MoreGlobalization758 Words   |  4 PagesWhy richer are getting richer and poorer are getting poorer? Globalization is taken as facilitator of international trade and economic growth. There might be various parameters for the measurement of the connection between globalization, international trade and economic growth that is derived from the mobility of investment, human capital to communication and transportation that fosters interdependency and other forms of economically beneficial and social relationship between countries. In economyRead MoreGlobalization743 Words   |  3 PagesWhy richer are getting richer and poorer are getting poorer? Globalization is taken as facilitator of international trade and economic growth. There might be various parameters for the measurement of the connection between globalization, international trade and economic growth that is derived from the mobility of investment, human capital to communication and transportation that fosters interdependency and other forms of economically beneficial and social relationship between countries. In economyRead MoreThose Poor Vs Me Rich898 Words   |  4 PagesThose  Poor  Vs  Me  Rich   I was the richer man that feel happy when he don’t have food to eat because water was always there where I go. Math was easy to solve and calculator was my hand/mouth. Education was not good but always think that education was better then those poor people who use calculator. It was better then those poor people’s education due to no computer but there was stick and ground where I can write anything and battery wasn’t down but water might wipe sometime. I was richer man then and now butRead MorePoor Getting Richer Essay995 Words   |  4 PagesAre The Rich Getting Richer and The Poor Getting Poorer? In this world, who are born rich or who are born poor? Nobody. Once, Bill Gates said that if you born poor, it is not your mistake, but if you die poor, it is your mistake. Rich is a state of abundant possession most especially material wealth, while poor is a state of lack of material possession. In the Wall Street Journal , Josh Zumbrun states that there is no standard definition of the upper middle class, which means there is no particularRead MoreWhat Is Wealth Disparity?1291 Words   |  6 PagesWhat exactly is wealth disparity? And why does it matter? The website inequality.org is a fascinating website full of statistics on this topic and provides data by analyzing whether policies instituted help, or hurt this problem. They define wealth inequality as â€Å"the unequal distribution of assets within a population. The United States exhibits wider disparities of wealth between rich and poor than any other major developed nation† (inequality.org, 2017, para. 1). Using t erms such as distributionRead MoreIssues Facing America737 Words   |  3 Pagesthe world but this does not prevent it from having problems. Just like other Nations America struggles with some issues. The list of the problems is endless however there are some issues that are of importance as compared to others. Therefore these issues should be recognized and addressed as such. Among these issues are; the upward transfer of wealth. Since 1970s there has been a continuous trend of the rich getting richer as the middle class and poor remain in their states with no change whatsoever

Digital Fortress Chapter 50-54 Free Essays

string(38) " no way in hell TRANSLTR has a virus\." Chapter 50 Only yards from TRANSLTR’s hull, Phil Chartrukian stood over a patch of white lettering on the Crypto floor. CRYPTO SUBLEVELS AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL ONLY He knew he was definitely not authorized personnel. He shot a quick glance up at Strathmore’s office. We will write a custom essay sample on Digital Fortress Chapter 50-54 or any similar topic only for you Order Now The curtains were still pulled. Chartrukian had seen Susan Fletcher go into the bathrooms, so he knew she wasn’t a problem. The only other question was Hale. He glanced toward Node 3, wondering if the cryptographer were watching. â€Å"Fuck it,† he grumbled. Below his feet the outline of a recessed trapdoor was barely visible in the floor. Chartrukian palmed the key he’d just taken from the Sys-Sec lab. He knelt down, inserted the key in the floor, and turned. The bolt beneath clicked. Then he unscrewed the large external butterfly latch and freed the door. Checking once again over his shoulder, he squatted down and pulled. The panel was small, only three feet by three feet, but it was heavy. When it finally opened, the Sys-Sec stumbled back. A blast of hot air hit him in the face. It carried with it the sharp bite of freon gas. Billows of steam swirled out of the opening, illuminated by the red utility lighting below. The distant hum of the generators became a rumble. Chartrukian stood up and peered into the opening. It looked more like the gateway to hell than a service entrance for a computer. A narrow ladder led to a platform under the floor. Beyond that, there were stairs, but all he could see was swirling red mist. Greg Hale stood behind the one-way glass of Node 3. He watched as Phil Chartrukian eased himself down the ladder toward the sublevels. From where Hale was standing, the Sys-Sec’s head appeared to have been severed from his body and left out on the Crypto floor. Then, slowly, it sank into the swirling mist. â€Å"Gutsy move,† Hale muttered. He knew where Chartrukian was headed. An emergency manual abort of TRANSLTR was a logical action if he thought the computer had a virus. Unfortunately, it was also a sure way to have Crypto crawling with Sys-Secs in about ten minutes. Emergency actions raised alert flags at the main switchboard. A Sys-Sec investigation of Crypto was something Hale could not afford. Hale left Node 3 and headed for the trapdoor. Chartrukian had to be stopped. Chapter 51 Jabba resembled a giant tadpole. Like the cinematic creature for whom he was nicknamed, the man was a hairless spheroid. As resident guardian angel of all NSA computer systems, Jabba marched from department to department, tweaking, soldering, and reaffirming his credo that prevention was the best medicine. No NSA computer had ever been infected under Jabba’s reign; he intended to keep it that way. Jabba’s home base was a raised workstation overlooking the NSA’s underground, ultra-secret databank. It was there that a virus would do the most damage and there that he spent the majority of his time. At the moment, however, Jabba was taking a break and enjoying pepperoni calzones in the NSA’s all-night commissary. He was about to dig into his third when his cellular phone rang. â€Å"Go,† he said, coughing as he swallowed a mouthful. â€Å"Jabba,† a woman’s voice cooed. â€Å"It’s Midge.† â€Å"Data Queen!† the huge man gushed. He’d always had a soft spot for Midge Milken. She was sharp, and she was also the only woman Jabba had ever met who flirted with him. â€Å"How the hell are you?† â€Å"No complaints.† Jabba wiped his mouth. â€Å"You on site?† â€Å"Yup.† â€Å"Care to join me for a calzone?† â€Å"Love to Jabba, but I’m watching these hips.† â€Å"Really?† He snickered. â€Å"Mind if I join you?† â€Å"You’re bad.† â€Å"You have no idea†¦.† â€Å"Glad I caught you in,† she said. â€Å"I need some advice.† He took a long swallow of Dr Pepper. â€Å"Shoot.† â€Å"It might be nothing,† Midge said, â€Å"but my Crypto stats turned up something odd. I was hoping you could shed some light.† â€Å"What ya got?† He took another sip. â€Å"I’ve got a report saying TRANSLTR’s been running the same file for eighteen hours and hasn’t cracked it.† Jabba sprayed Dr Pepper all over his calzone. â€Å"You what?† â€Å"Any ideas?† He dabbed at his calzone with a napkin. â€Å"What report is this?† â€Å"Production report. Basic cost analysis stuff.† Midge quickly explained what she and Brinkerhoff had found. â€Å"Have you called Strathmore?† â€Å"Yes. He said everything’s fine in Crypto. Said TRANSLTR’s running full speed ahead. Said our data’s wrong.† Jabba furrowed his bulbous forehead. â€Å"So what’s the problem? Your report glitched.† Midge did not respond. Jabba caught her drift. He frowned. â€Å"You don’t think your report glitched?† â€Å"Correct.† â€Å"So you think Strathmore’s lying?† â€Å"It’s not that,† Midge said diplomatically, knowing she was on fragile ground. â€Å"It’s just that my stats have never been wrong in the past. I thought I’d get a second opinion.† â€Å"Well,† Jabba said, â€Å"I hate to be the one to break it to you, but your data’s fried.† â€Å"You think so?† â€Å"I’d bet my job on it.† Jabba took a big bite of soggy calzone and spoke with his mouth full. â€Å"Longest a file has ever lasted inside TRANSLTR is three hours. That includes diagnostics, boundary probes, everything. Only thing that could lock it down for eighteen hours would have to be viral. Nothing else could do it.† â€Å"Viral?† â€Å"Yeah, some kind of redundant cycle. Something that got into the processors, created a loop, and basically gummed up the works.† â€Å"Well,† she ventured, â€Å"Strathmore’s been in Crypto for about thirty-six hours straight. Any chance he’s fighting a virus?† Jabba laughed. â€Å"Strathmore’s been in there for thirty-six hours? Poor bastard. His wife probably said he can’t come home. I hear she’s bagging his ass.† Midge thought a moment. She’d heard that too. She wondered if maybe she was being paranoid. â€Å"Midge.† Jabba wheezed and took another long drink. â€Å"If Strathmore’s toy had a virus, he would have called me. Strathmore’s sharp, but he doesn’t know shit about viruses. TRANSLTR’s all he’s got. First sign of trouble, he would have pressed the panic button-and around here, that means me.† Jabba sucked in a long strand of mozzarella. â€Å"Besides, there’s no way in hell TRANSLTR has a virus. You read "Digital Fortress Chapter 50-54" in category "Essay examples" Gauntlet’s the best set of package filters I’ve ever written. Nothing gets through.† After a long silence, Midge sighed. â€Å"Any other thoughts?† â€Å"Yup. Your data’s fried.† â€Å"You already said that.† â€Å"Exactly.† She frowned. â€Å"You haven’t caught wind of anything? Anything at all?† Jabba laughed harshly. â€Å"Midge†¦ listen up. Skipjack sucked. Strathmore blew it. But move on-it’s over.† There was a long silence on the line, and Jabba realized he’d gone too far. â€Å"Sorry, Midge. I know you took heat over that whole mess. Strathmore was wrong. I know how you feel about him.† â€Å"This has nothing to do with Skipjack,† she said firmly. Yeah, sure, Jabba thought. â€Å"Listen, Midge, I don’t have feelings for Strathmore one way or another. I mean, the guy’s a cryptographer. They’re basically all self-centered assholes. They need their data yesterday. Every damn file is the one that could save the world.† â€Å"So what are you saying?† Jabba sighed. â€Å"I’m saying Strathmore’s a psycho like the rest of them. But I’m also saying he loves TRANSLTR more than his own goddamn wife. If there were a problem, he would have called me.† Midge was quiet a long time. Finally she let out a reluctant sigh. â€Å"So you’re saying my data’s fried?† Jabba chuckled. â€Å"Is there an echo in here?† She laughed. â€Å"Look, Midge. Drop me a work order. I’ll be up on Monday to double-check your machine. In the meantime, get the hell out of here. It’s Saturday night. Go get yourself laid or something.† She sighed. â€Å"I’m trying, Jabba. Believe me, I’m trying.† Chapter 52 Club Embrujo-â€Å"Warlock† in English-was situated in the suburbs at the end of the number 27 bus line. Looking more like a fortification than a dance club, it was surrounded on all sides by high stucco walls into which were embedded shards of shattered beer bottles-a crude security system preventing anyone from entering illegally without leaving behind a good portion of flesh. During the ride, Becker had resolved himself to the fact that he’d failed. It was time to call Strathmore with the bad news-the search was hopeless. He had done the best he could; now it was time to go home. But now, gazing out at the mob of patrons pushing their way through the club’s entrance, Becker was not so sure his conscience would allow him to give up the search. He was staring at the biggest crowd of punks he’d ever seen; there were coiffures of red, white, and blue everywhere. Becker sighed, weighing his options. He scanned the crowd and shrugged. Where else would she be on a Saturday night? Cursing his good fortune, Becker climbed off the bus. The access to Club Embrujo was a narrow stone corridor. As Becker entered he immediately felt himself caught up in the inward surge of eager patrons. â€Å"Outta my way, faggot!† A human pincushion pawed past him, giving Becker an elbow in the side. â€Å"Nice tie.† Someone gave Becker’s necktie a hard yank. â€Å"Wanna fuck?† A teenage girl stared up at him looking like something out of Dawn of the Dead. The darkness of the corridor spilled out into a huge cement chamber that reeked of alcohol and body odor. The scene was surreal-a deep mountain grotto in which hundreds of bodies moved as one. They surged up and down, hands pressed firmly to their sides, heads bobbing like lifeless bulbs on top of rigid spines. Crazed souls took running dives off a stage and landed on a sea of human limbs. Bodies were passed back and forth like human beach balls. Overhead, the pulsating strobes gave the whole thing the look of an old, silent movie. On the far wall, speakers the size of minivans shook so deeply that not even the most dedicated dancers could get closer than thirty feet from the pounding woofers. Becker plugged his ears and searched the crowd. Everywhere he looked was another red, white, and blue head. The bodies were packed so closely together that he couldn’t see what they were wearing. He saw no hint of a British flag anywhere. It was obvious he’d never be able to enter the crowd without getting trampled. Someone nearby started vomiting. Lovely. Becker groaned. He moved off down a spray-painted hallway. The hall turned into a narrow mirrored tunnel, which opened to an outdoor patio scattered with tables and chairs. The patio was crowded with punk rockers, but to Becker it was like the gateway to Shangri-La-the summer sky opened up above him and the music faded away. Ignoring the curious stares, Becker walked out into the crowd. He loosened his tie and collapsed into a chair at the nearest unoccupied table. It seemed like a lifetime since Strathmore’s early-morning call. After clearing the empty beer bottles from his table, Becker laid his head in his hands. Just for a few minutes, he thought. Five miles away, the man in wire-rim glasses sat in the back of a Fiat taxi as it raced headlong down a country road. â€Å"Embrujo,† he grunted, reminding the driver of their destination. The driver nodded, eyeing his curious new fare in the rearview mirror. â€Å"Embrujo,† he grumbled to himself. â€Å"Weirder crowd every night.† Chapter 53 Tokugen Numataka lay naked on the massage table in his penthouse office. His personal masseuse worked out the kinks in his neck. She ground her palms into the fleshy pockets surrounding his shoulder blades, slowly working her way down to the towel covering his backside. Her hands slipped lower†¦ beneath his towel. Numataka barely noticed. His mind was elsewhere. He had been waiting for his private line to ring. It had not. There was a knock at the door. â€Å"Enter,† Numataka grunted. The masseuse quickly pulled her hands from beneath the towel. The switchboard operator entered and bowed. â€Å"Honored chairman?† â€Å"Speak.† The operator bowed a second time. â€Å"I spoke to the phone exchange. The call originated from country code 1-the United States.† Numataka nodded. This was good news. The call came from the States. He smiled. It was genuine. â€Å"Where in the U.S.?† he demanded. â€Å"They’re working on it, sir.† â€Å"Very well. Tell me when you have more.† The operator bowed again and left. Numataka felt his muscles relax. Country code 1. Good news indeed. Chapter 54 Susan Fletcher paced impatiently in the Crypto bathroom and counted slowly to fifty. Her head was throbbing. Just a little longer, she told herself. Hale is North Dakota! Susan wondered what Hale’s plans were. Would he announce the pass-key? Would he be greedy and try to sell the algorithm? Susan couldn’t bear to wait any longer. It was time. She had to get to Strathmore. Cautiously she cracked the door and peered out at the reflective wall on the far side of Crypto. There was no way to know if Hale was still watching. She’d have to move quickly to Strathmore’s office. Not too quickly, of course-she could not let Hale suspect she was on to him. She reached for the door and was about to pull it open when she heard something. Voices. Men’s voices. The voices were coming through the ventilation shaft near the floor. She released the door and moved toward the vent. The words were muffled by the dull hum of the generators below. The conversation sounded like it was coming up from the sublevel catwalks. One voice was shrill, angry. It sounded like Phil Chartrukian. â€Å"You don’t believe me?† The sound of more arguing rose. â€Å"We have a virus!† Then the sound of harsh yelling. â€Å"We need to call Jabba!† Then there were sounds of a struggle. â€Å"Let me go!† The noise that followed was barely human. It was a long wailing cry of horror, like a tortured animal about to die. Susan froze beside the vent. The noise ended as abruptly as it had begun. Then there was a silence. An instant later, as if choreographed for some cheap horror matinee, the lights in the bathroom slowly dimmed. Then they flickered and went out. Susan Fletcher found herself standing in total blackness. How to cite Digital Fortress Chapter 50-54, Essay examples

Exercise 4 Endocrine System Physiology Essay Example For Students

Exercise 4: Endocrine System Physiology Essay Hormones and Metabolism Activity 1: Determining the Baseline Metabolic Rates 1. Which rat had the fastest baseline metabolic rate? Normal rate 2. Why did the metabolic rates differ? Because of the different organs that were removed from the two other rats that would produce certain hormones 3. If an animal has been thyroidectomized, what hormone(s) would be missing from its blood? thyroxine 4. As a result of the missing hormone(s), what would the overall effect on the body and metabolism be? Thyroxine wouldn’t be released which helps maintain metabolism and body. So 5. How could you treat a thyroidectomized animal so that it functioned like a â€Å"normal† animal? I would assume giving it shots of thyroxine or t4, of course by measuring weight and figuring out exactly the right amount to keep it established. 6. If an animal has been hypophysectomized, what effect would you expect to see in the hormone levels in its body? The hormone levels would also be lowered 7. What would be the effect of a hypophysectomy on the metabolism of an animal? Metabolism would drop Activity 2: Determining the Effect of Thyroxine on Metabolic Rate 1. What was the effect of thyroxine on the normal rat’s metabolic rate? How does it compare to the normal rat’s baseline metabolic rate? The metabolic rate went up, and was higher then the normal baseline 2. Why was this effect seen? Because it already has thyroxin and when you add more of it then it goes even quicker. 3. What was the effect of thyroxine on the thyroidectomized rat’s metabolic rate? How does it compare to the thyroidectomized rat’s baseline metabolic rate? It raised the rate, even though it wasn’t as high as the baseline one, it still help to try and balance it out 4. Why was this effect seen? Metabolic rate was raised to try and reach normal rates even though still lower then the baseline. It has its pituitary gland so some hormones are there. 5. What was the effect of thyroxine on the hypophysectomized rat’s metabolic rate? How does it compare to the hypophysectomized rat’s baseline metabolic rate? Raised the metabolic rate but not as high as the thyroidectomized or normal rats. 6. Why was this effect seen? This rat has its thyroid but no pituitary gland so it’s the lowest on metabolic rate. Activity 3: Determining the Effect of TSH on Metabolic Rate . What was the effect of TSH on the normal rat’s metabolic rate? How does it compare to the normal rat’s baseline metabolic rate? The metabolic rate went way up there, the rate of the baseline was a lot lower. 2. Why was this effect seen? Because TSH cause the thyroid to produce more thyroxine 3. What was the effect of TSH on the thyroidectomized rat’s metab olic rate? How does it compare to the thyroidectomized rat’s baseline metabolic rate? Metabolic rate didn’t really go up, it was little above the baseline. TSH, wouldn’t be very effective without a thyroid to stimulate 4. Why was this effect seen? No thyroid to stimulate 5. What was the effect of TSH on the hypophysectomized rat’s metabolic rate? How does it compare to the hypophysectomized rat’s baseline metabolic rate? The metabolic rate went up, was higher then thyroidectomized rat, but little lower then the normal rat. Its trying to level out to what would be normal. 6. Why was this effect seen? Metabolism is the same because its not exactly right but at least the right hormones to try and level it out. Activity 4: Determining the Effect of Propylthiouracil on Metabolic Rate . What was the effect of propylthiouracil on the normal rat’s metabolic rate? How does it compare to the normal rat’s baseline metabolic rate? It slowed down the metabolic rate compared to the normal baseline 2. Why was this effect seen? Propylthiouracial inhibits the production of thyroxine 3. What was the effect of propylthiouracil on the thyroidectomized rat’s metabolic rate? How does it c ompare to the thyroidectomized rat’s baseline metabolic rate? It slowed it down but not as much as the normal rat 4. Why was this effect seen? .u549fdb85511526c8aee09b1270c9de0b , .u549fdb85511526c8aee09b1270c9de0b .postImageUrl , .u549fdb85511526c8aee09b1270c9de0b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u549fdb85511526c8aee09b1270c9de0b , .u549fdb85511526c8aee09b1270c9de0b:hover , .u549fdb85511526c8aee09b1270c9de0b:visited , .u549fdb85511526c8aee09b1270c9de0b:active { border:0!important; } .u549fdb85511526c8aee09b1270c9de0b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u549fdb85511526c8aee09b1270c9de0b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u549fdb85511526c8aee09b1270c9de0b:active , .u549fdb85511526c8aee09b1270c9de0b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u549fdb85511526c8aee09b1270c9de0b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u549fdb85511526c8aee09b1270c9de0b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u549fdb85511526c8aee09b1270c9de0b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u549fdb85511526c8aee09b1270c9de0b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u549fdb85511526c8aee09b1270c9de0b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u549fdb85511526c8aee09b1270c9de0b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u549fdb85511526c8aee09b1270c9de0b .u549fdb85511526c8aee09b1270c9de0b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u549fdb85511526c8aee09b1270c9de0b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Culture shock EssayThyroidectomized rat is not effected as much because it is missing thyroid 5. What was the effect of propylthiouracil on the hypophysectomized rat’s metabolic rate? How does it compare to the hypophysectomized rat’s baseline metabolic rate? Didnt see to much of an effect overall. 6. Why was this effect seen? It didn’t have anything to effect since it had the important parts that would be affected removed. Hormone Replacement Therapy Activity 5: Hormone Replacement Therapy 1. T score (control): -2. 61 2. T score (estrogen): -2 3. T score (calcitonin): -2. 5 4. What effect did the administration of estrogen injections have on the estrogen-treated rat? The estrogen treated rat was able to get into the ranges of just bone thinning which suggests the estrogen injections were helping. 5. What effect did the administration of calcitonin injections have on the calcitonin-treated rat? The injection helped a little but still has osteoporosis while estrogen shots seem to help out better in the long run. Insulin and Diabetes Activity 7: Measuring Fasting Plasma Glucose 1. Sample 1: glucose concentration of 104 mg/deciliter. 2. Sample 2: glucose concentration of 118 mg/deciliter. 3. Sample 3: glucose concentration of 133 mg/deciliter. 4. Sample 4: glucose concentration of 123 mg/deciliter. 5. Sample 5: glucose concentration of 143 mg/deciliter. 6. For which patient(s) were the fasting plasma glucose reading(s) in the normal range? Sample 1 7. For which patient(s) were the fasting plasma glucose reading(s) in the diabetic range? Samples 3 5 8. For which patient(s) were the fasting plasma glucose reading(s) in the impaired range? Samples 2 4 9. What recommendations would you make to a patient with an impaired FPG value who also tested in the impaired range with the oral glucose tolerance test? They are at a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes and I would suggest keeping an eye on this, even following a diet to try to keep it in check. 10. Patient 3 is pregnant; how might this change the diagnosis? They may have gestational diabetes. 11. What recommendations would you make to this patient? To keep on a strict diet until they have their baby. Activity 8: Measuring Cortisol and Adrenocorticotropic Hormone 1. Patient 1: Cortisol: 2. 0 mcg/dL 2. High or Low? Low 3. Patient 1: ACTH: 18. 10 pg/ml 4. High or Low? low 5. Patient 2: Cortisol: 36. 35 mcg/dL 6. High or Low? high 7. Patient : ACTH: 12. 16 pg/ml 8. High or Low? low 9. Patient 3: Cortisol: 43. 28 mcg/dL 10. High or Low? high 11. Patient 3: ACTH: 83. 28 pg/ml 12. High or Low? high 13. Patient 4: Cortisol: 2. 68 mcg/dL 14. High or Low? low 15. Patient 4: ACTH: 101. 67 pg/ml 16. High or Low? high 17. Patient 5: Cortisol: 49. 94 mcg/dL 18. High or Low? high 19. Patient 5: ACTH: 18. 48 pg/ml 20. High or Low? low